超聲波探傷儀——高山里的鋼軌“按摩師”

初春的武夷山麓，云霧繚繞，寒風冷冽，氣溫始終保持在零攝氏度以下，幾個穿著橙色工作服的鐵路工人推著近百斤的超聲波探傷儀給鋼軌做檢查，成為點綴滿山翠綠的一抹亮色，他們就是南昌局集團公司南平工務段武夷山探傷工區(qū)的探傷工。

峰福鐵路穿梭于武夷山脈，橋隧占比達70%，其鐵路線都在半山腰。列車飛馳而過，車輪下的鋼軌承受著千噸重壓。“鋼軌探傷工”就如同“排頭兵”，利用超聲波儀器檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)藏在鋼軌內(nèi)部以毫米為單位的細小病害，排查鋼軌隱患，及時分析數(shù)據(jù)，為整治提供第一手資料。

工區(qū)共有18人，其中35歲以下青年12人，占工區(qū)人數(shù)的三分之二。黨員工長羅建閩就是這群年輕人的“領頭雁”，從事探傷工種23年，他行走的總里程達4萬公里，相當于繞地球赤道徒步走了一圈，從未出現(xiàn)過一次漏檢。

當天的作業(yè)，工區(qū)兵分兩組對13公里的鋼軌和道岔分別進行探傷作業(yè)。探傷作業(yè)講究“慢走細探”，推行速度嚴格要求在每小時2公里以內(nèi)，速度過快容易出現(xiàn)漏檢。

夏天烈日當頭，冬天寒風刺骨，高山里的風無孔不入，鉆進他們褲腳、脖子，但即使這樣暴走七公里后他們都是滿身大汗。

每天作業(yè)前，工人們都會提著20斤重的水加進儀器里，作為探傷儀的“耦合劑”。遇到長距離作業(yè)時，工人還要派人到山里尋找水源，時間長了，山里的水源點都被他們摸得一清二楚。

“滴…”鋼軌探傷儀發(fā)出了警報，羅建閩立刻警覺起來，緊盯著鋼軌車顯示屏上的波形圖，從隨身的工具包拿出一把檢查錘，伏低身子，耳貼鋼軌，不停地敲擊著鋼軌頂面，從聲音的脆、鈍上進一步辨別鋼軌有無傷損。

高山里作業(yè)難度比地面上難度更大，山里氣溫低，時常低至零度以下，水一滴到鋼軌面就易結冰，給推行造成了阻力，軌面結冰，儀器容易打滑，工人必須緊緊握住儀器才能不摔下去。有時遇到長隧、大橋或半山腰，探傷工一時無法下道返回工區(qū)，工友們就會提前帶好水和干糧，在山里度過野外的午餐。

90后林杰是武夷山探傷工區(qū)班長，年紀輕輕就練成了“眼看分波”“聽音辨?zhèn)钡慕^技。

鋼軌探傷儀通過超聲波反饋的波形大同小異，如何區(qū)分正常波形和傷損波形，考驗的是探傷工的經(jīng)驗和手法。八年工作經(jīng)驗讓林杰練就了一雙“火眼金睛”，光看一眼就能分辨波形的不同。“每一條波形看似一樣，其實大有乾坤。”林杰指著探傷儀顯示屏兩條幾乎一樣的波形，給記者解釋到，“掃查方式不對和經(jīng)驗不足都會導致找不到病害位置。”

道岔掃查是鋼軌探傷的其中一項，須通過1010號通用探傷儀對道岔的尖軌、叉心、翼軌和變截點等部位進行全方位掃查，每個部分都有不同的檢測探頭和方法，程序復雜且考驗技術。

青年職工湛雄蹲著將裝滿機油的礦泉水瓶擠在翼軌軌面上，為儀器探傷起到耦合作用，捏著檢測探頭在鋼軌上來回滑動，手上都沾滿了油漬，一邊將機油均勻抹開，一邊開始探測，就好似在給鋼軌做“按摩”，探傷儀上出現(xiàn)水平距離、深度、聲程等參數(shù)，再結合尺子量取進行綜合判傷。每組道岔檢測程序需要30分鐘，長時間蹲著作業(yè)容易腳麻。“有時候猛一起來就會頭暈目眩。”湛雄說到。

為了方便攜帶和作業(yè)，他們還利用廢舊水瓶和罐子制作成“油瓶”和“油漆罐”，替換掉笨重的桶裝，減輕工友的負擔。

1999年出生的湛雄于2019年參加工作，談到這份工作他頗有成就感，自豪地說：“從零基礎開始摸索，現(xiàn)在我也算是工區(qū)的業(yè)務骨干了。”從事探傷工作兩年來，湛雄從未出過一次漏檢和漏傷。

探傷工們非常寶貝他們的“吃飯家伙”，每當下雨下雪，他們想的第一件事就是給儀器遮擋，“人可以濕，儀器不能濕”是他們最常喊的口號。在他們眼里，完成每一次探傷檢測任務，回家路上的旅客就多一份舒適和安全。

英斯特力儀器是一家集研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)及銷售于一體的 影像測量儀，拉力試驗機, 硬度計 ,探傷儀, 粗糙度儀, 測厚儀, 金相設備廠家, 致力于為客戶提供更好的檢測儀器。

Spring wuyi foothills, cloud, wind cold, the temperature is always below zero degrees Celsius, dressed in orange uniforms of the railway workers push hundred catties ultrasonic flaw detector to do check rail, become a bright light filled with green mountains, they are nanchang bureau group co., LTD. Nanping Labour wu paragraph wuyi detection work area of the inspection work.  

Feng-fu railway shuttles through the Wuyi Mountains, Bridges and tunnels account for 70% of the railway line is halfway up the mountain.  The train whizzed by, the rails under the wheels bearing thousands of tons of weight.  "Rail flaw detection worker" is like "platoon soldier", use ultrasonic instrument to detect hidden in rail internal with millimeter as a unit of fine disease, check rail hidden trouble, timely analysis of data, provide first-hand information for remediation.  

There are 18 workers in the working area, including 12 young people under the age of 35, accounting for two-thirds of the total number of workers in the working area.  Luo Jianmin, a party member foreman, is the leader of these young people. He has been engaged in flaw detection for 23 years. His total mileage has reached 40,000 kilometers, equivalent to walking once around the earth's equator, and he has never missed a single inspection.  

The operation of the day, two groups of workers divided into 13 kilometers of rail and turnout respectively for flaw detection work.  Inspection work pays attention to "slow walking and fine exploration", the implementation speed is strictly required within 2 km per hour, too fast speed is easy to miss detection.  

Summer sun, winter cold wind, high mountain wind into their pants, into their necks, but even after walking seven kilometers they were sweating.  

Every day before the operation, the workers will carry 20 kilograms of water into the instrument, as a flaw detector "coupling agent."  In long-distance operations, workers would send people to the mountains to look for water, and over time, the water sources in the mountains would be clearly identified by them.  

"Drop..."  The rail flaw detector gave an alarm, Luo Jianmin immediately became alert, staring at the waveform on the rail car display screen, took out a inspection hammer from the tool kit, bent low, ear to the rail, kept knocking on the top of the rail, from the sound of brittle, blunt to further identify whether the rail damage.  

High mountain operation is more difficult than the ground, the mountain temperature is low, often as low as below zero, a drop of water to the rail surface is easy to freeze, causing resistance to the implementation of the rail surface ice, instrument is easy to slip, workers must hold the instrument tightly to not fall down.  Sometimes, when the inspection workers are unable to return to the work area by the way of tunnel, bridge or hillside, the workers will bring water and dry food in advance and have lunch in the mountains.  

After 90 Lin Jie is the monitor of Mount Wuyishan flaw detection work area, at a young age to practice the "see wave" "listen to sound distinguish injury" tour de force.  

The waveforms fed back by ultrasonic wave of rail flaw detector are almost the same. How to distinguish normal waveforms from damage waveforms tests the experience and technique of flaw detector workers.  With eight years of work experience, Lin has developed a pair of "fire eyes and golden eyes". He can distinguish waveforms at a glance.  "Each wave looks the same, but there's a lot going on."  Lin Jie pointed to two almost identical waveforms on the flaw detector display screen and explained to the reporter, "The wrong scanning method and lack of experience will lead to the failure to find the location of the disease."  

Turnout scanning is one of the rail flaw detection, must be through 1010 general flaw detector on the turnout of the sharp rail, fork center, wing rail and variable intercept point and other parts of the omni-directional scanning, each part has different detection probe and method, the program is complex and test technology.  

Young worker cham male water bottles filled with oil squat down to squeeze on the wing rail, coupling effect for instrument detection, holding detecting probe on the rail sliding back and forth, hands are stained with grease, side will open the oil evenly, side began to detect, as if to make steel "massage", flaw detector on a horizontal distance, depth, process parameters, such as,  Then combined with the ruler measurement to judge the comprehensive injury.  Each group of turnout detection procedures need 30 minutes, long squatting operation easy feet numb.  "Sometimes it makes me dizzy."  "Cham said.  

In order to carry and work easily, they also use waste water bottles and cans to make "oil bottles" and "paint cans", replacing the heavy barrels and reducing the burden of workers.  

Cham, who was born in 1999 and joined the job in 2019, feels a sense of accomplishment. "I started from scratch and now I am the backbone of the business in the area," he says proudly.  In the past two years, Zhan Xiong has never had a single missed inspection or injury.  

When it rains or snows, the first thing they think of is to cover the instrument. "People can be wet, but the instrument can not be wet" is the slogan they often shout.  In their eyes, the completion of every flaw detection task, the passengers on the way home will be more comfortable and safe.